factors for elbows, tees, check valves, and gate valves to account for "minor losses." 3. Calculating Friction for Different Materials The manual provides specific roughness values ( ) for common piping materials: Steel/Wrought Iron is approximately equal to 0.00015 Galvanized Steel is approximately equal to 0.0005 Ductile/Cast Iron is approximately equal to 0.00085 PVC/Plastic : Generally considered "smooth" ( 4. Where to Find the Manual Official Purchase : You can buy the PDF or hard copy directly from the HI Pump Learning : HI often provides free webinars and summary whitepapers
Limitations and considerations
The most enduring contribution of the Hydraulic Institute Pipe Friction Manual is its visual presentation of data. In the pre-digital era, calculating the friction factor for a specific flow rate and pipe size was a laborious mathematical process. The manual streamlined this by offering a vast array of friction head tables and nomographs. hydraulic institute pipe friction manual pdf