: Calculations ensure that the pressure loss across the system stays within allowable limits to prevent equipment strain, such as pump cavitation. 2. Pressure Rating and Wall Thickness

) is calculated using factors like internal design gage pressure ( ), outside diameter ( ), and allowable stress ( Corrosion Allowance : Designers must add extra thickness (often 1.5 mm to 3 mm

$$ Re = \frac\rho v D\mu \quad \textor \quad \fracv D\nu $$

Total pressure drop = friction losses + static head + dynamic losses.