However, if “insan” is meant to refer to “insane” (reckless/dangerous practices) or is a typographical error for another word (e.g., “human,” “and”), the below paper is structured to address the legitimate scholarly topic of , while also briefly addressing extreme or unethical practices (which might be colloquially called “insane”) as a subsection.
Horses remain powerful media figures, capable of eliciting awe, nostalgia, and empathy. However, the line between compelling entertainment and “insane” cruelty is thin and often crossed in unregulated corners of content creation. Future research should examine the long-term psychological effects of media portrayals of equine suffering on audiences and the efficacy of current certification programs. As digital alternatives improve, the entertainment industry faces a moral choice: retire live horses from high-risk roles or double down on authentic performance. The humane path is clear. However, if “insan” is meant to refer to
Despite this, violations occur. The 2015 film The Hateful Eight faced scrutiny when a horse was injured during a stunt (the director claimed the horse was unharmed, but American Humane issued a warning). Despite this, violations occur