The bridge between these two schools of thought is . Modern science has proven that many animals—not just mammals, but birds, cephalopods (like octopuses), and even some insects—possess the capacity to feel pain, joy, and boredom.
The "Five Freedoms" established in the 1960s remain a standard for welfare, covering freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/disease, fear/distress, and the freedom to express normal behavior. en.wikipedia.org 3. Key Issues and Global Trends
Despite the progress, the 21st century presents massive challenges for animal advocates:
Let’s break it down.